Gretchen Gailey
Editors Note: This is part two of a three-part series.
Blue Dream, Purple Haze, Girl Scout Cookies, Red Headed Stranger, Acapulco Gold, Fruity Pebbles or Pineapple Express… all classic strain names and all of them meaningless.
“Strain names are absolutely misleading with considerable variation in the same cannabinoid content among different specimens of the same strain. You can get the same color and the same smell, but actually levels of the THC and CBD and some of the other compounds could be quite different,” says Robin Marles, Ph.D., chair of the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) Botanical Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Expert Committee.
USP has assembled an expert panel of clinicians, scientists and industry representatives from around the world to provide necessary information and guidance on critical quality attributes, including recommendations for naming , all laid out in an article in the Journal of Natural Products, Cannabis Inflorescence for Medical Purposes: USP Considerations for Quality Attributes.
“USP recommendations are entirely focused on the inflorescence of the cannabis plant, popularly known as the flower or ‘the bud.’ And as with any plant product, the first challenge was to determine how to classify the various varieties and subtypes that are currently in use.” said Ikhlas Khan, Ph.D., USP’s Cannabis Expert Panel chair.
USP has elected to recognize cannabis as a single plant species, Cannabis sativa L., with different varieties or subtypes that can then be classified based on their THC and CBD content. The expert panel provided guidance for organizing the plant material into three “chemotype” categories: THC-dominant, CBD-dominant, or intermediate varieties that contain physiologically meaningful levels of both – intending to give prescribers or consumers greater clarity about what substances they are using.
In order to properly identify and quantify these cannabis varieties, USP’s expert panel recommended the use of science-based analytical procedures for the industry to employ. This entails the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) to separate and quantify not just THC and CBD, but also 11 other cannabinoids that are less studied, but may also have an impact on the effect of cannabis products.
USP has also looked at the composition of terpenes, which are largely responsible for the flavor and odor of cannabis. They identified five different terpenes that are especially abundant in cannabis that could also help with classification: myrcene, limonene, terpinolene, pinene and caryophyllene. Terpenes may form the basis for further subcategorization of cannabis chemotypes to establish the impact of these substances on the pharmacological effects of cannabis products when used in clinical practice.
“Naming cannabis varieties based on detailed profiles of cannabinoid and terpene content can also help guide prescribers and help ensure that patients are consistently receiving the cannabis varieties that they intended,” said Nandu Sarma, Director, Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines at USP.
One comment
Nishan Karassik
December 22, 2020 at 6:32 pm
While I love this scientific approach, it’s important to understand the identity and consistency of cannabis shouldn’t only be looked at through the lens of the consumers of the product. Another large group that needs to be considered in the identity of cannabis is the cultivators.
You can have the resulting flower be nearly identical chemotypically, but the plants themselves have drastically different requirements and growing habits that are critically important to the people growing it. If there aren’t people growing a plant it doesn’t end up on the shelves for consumers.
Take, for example, two well know varieties; Zkittlez vs GMO Cookies. Aside from their chemical properties, there are specific reasons why people grow GMO over Zkittlez. Just one reason is that GMO is a much larger, faster-growing plant and produces more than twice as much yield. However, Zkittlez is probably a more sought after product from the consumer, but they are less able to access it due to the importance of yield from the cultivator’s perspective.
Also, you are completely correct – strain names are messed up or simply manipulated, but chemical identification only doesn’t solve the other issues for cultivators.